Research Interests

Biological Systems

Our lab investigates the structural ensembles and interactions of critical biomolecules. A major focus of our work is the study of Alzheimer’s disease Aβ peptides and antimicrobial peptides bound to lipid bilayers, exploring the fundamental mechanisms that drive their function and pathology.

Selected Recent Publications:

• Fitz, A. R. Klimov, D. K., & Lockhart, C. (2025) Binding of antimicrobial peptide indolicidin to DMPC bilayer using replica-exchange molecular dynamics. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 65(17): 9251-9260, doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5c01153
• Luo, X., Khayat, E., Bowers, S. R., Delfing, B. M., Lockhart, C., & Klimov, D. K. (2025) Free energy perturbation simulations measure the change in binding affinity of the Aβ25–35 peptide to the zwitterionic bilayer caused by oxidation. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 65(21): 12014-12026, doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5c02148
• Khayat, E., Delfing, B. M., Laracuente, X., Olson, A., Lockhart, C., & Klimov, D. K. (2023) Lysine acetylation changes the mechanism of Aβ25-35 peptide binding and dimerization in the DMPC bilayer. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 14(3): 494-505, doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00722

Computational Methodology

We develop and apply advanced enhanced sampling techniques to overcome the timescale limitations of standard molecular dynamics. Our expertise centers on replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations, including variants such as replica-exchange with solute tempering (REST). We also rigorously investigate biomolecular force field dependence through exhaustive simulations.

Selected Recent Publications:

• Bowers, S. R., Jeffries, W., Lockhart, C., & Klimov, D. K. (2026) Accelerating replica exchange molecular dynamics: A comparison of hydrogen mass repartitioning and light water models. J. Chem. Theory Comput. (accepted)
• Bowers, S. R., Lockhart, C., & Klimov, D. K. (2023) Replica exchange with hybrid tempering efficiently samples PGLa peptide binding to anionic bilayer. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 19(18): 6532-6550, doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00787
• Lockhart, C., Smith, A. K., & Klimov, D. K. (2020) Three popular force fields predict consensus mechanism of Aβ peptide binding to the DMPC bilayer. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 60(40): 2282-2293, doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00096

Drug Discovery

We leverage computational biophysics to accelerate the discovery and optimization of novel therapeutics. Our methodologies include free energy perturbation (FEP) techniques, ensemble-based drug design, MM-GBSA, molecular docking, and the rigorous force field parameterization of ligands to understand their impact on protein structure.

Selected Recent Publications:

• Laracuente, X. E., Delfing, B. M., Luo, X., Olson, A., Jeffries, W., Bowers, S. R., Foreman, K. W., Lee, K.-H., Paige, M., Kehn-Hall, K., Lockhart, C., & Klimov, D. K. (2025) Applying absolute free energy perturbation molecular dynamics to diffusively binding ligands. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 21(8): 4286-4298, doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5c00121
• Delfing, B. M., Laracuente, X., Jeffries, W., Luo, X., Olson, A., Foreman, K. W., Petruncio, G., Lee, K. H., Paige, M., Kehn-Hall, K., Lockhart, C., & Klimov, D. K. (2024) Competitive binding of viral nuclear localization signal peptide and inhibitor ligands to importin-α nuclear transport protein. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 64(13): 5262-5272, doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00626
• Tiwari, S., Delfing, B. M., Han, Y., Lockhart, C., Haikerwal, A., Waheed, A. A., Freed, E. O., Jafri, M. S., Klimov, D. K., & Wu, Y. (2024) PSGL-1 excludes HIV Env from virion surface through spatial hindrance involving structural folding of the decameric repeats. bioRxiv (posted), doi: 10.1101/2024.12.28.630612v1

Artificial Intelligence

We apply modern artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to uncover hidden patterns within complex biological data. By integrating these predictive models with both massive biomolecular simulation datasets and clinical omics profiles, we bridge the gap between raw data and actionable insights into disease pathology and drug resistance.

Selected Recent Publications:

• Xie, L., Lockhart, C., Klimov, D. K., & Jafri, M. S. (2025) Combining molecular dynamics and machine learning to predict drug resistance causing variants of BRAF in colorectal cancer. Molecules 30(17): 3556, doi: 10.3390/molecules30173556
• Xie, L., Lockhart, C., Bowers, S. R., Klimov, D. K., & Jafri, M. S. (2025) Structural analysis of amylin and amyloid β peptide signaling in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomolecules 15(1): 89, doi: 10.3390/biom15010089
• Goldberg, J. F., de Filippi, C. R., Lockhart, C., McNair, E. R., Sinha, S., Kong, H., Najjar, S. S., Lohmar, B. J., Tchoukina, I., Shah, K., Feller, E., Hsu, S., Rodrigo, M. E., Jang, M., Marboe, C. C., Berry, G. J., Valantine, H. A., Agbor-Enoh, A., & Shah, P. (2024) Proteomics in acute heart transplant rejection, on behalf of the GRAfT Investigators. Transplantation (accepted), doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000005258